Renaissance Children's Clothing

	Children in the 16th Century
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Following are depictions and portraits of boys and girls from the Renaissance. Because the goal of this survey is to provide useful information on a realistic view of children's clothing, I have avoided most allegorical or overly anachronistically-dressed children. I've also included links to extant clothing worn by pre-17th century children. Take a look at Children’s Portraits for more 16th-19th century examples. More examples and discussion on this topic at the Garb The Child LiveJournal Community and the I Am A Child blog. For 17th century examples, see Costume Focus 1660-1715: Children Research Gallery. Portrait of Urschelin Burgkmair by Hans Burgkmair, c. 1500 The Wealthy Man by Jean Bourdichon, from Les Quatre États de la Société, c. 1500-1510 Hans Holbein's sons Hans and Ambrosius in a panel by Hans Holbein the Elder, 1504 Triptych of Jan Des Trompes by Gerard David, 1505 The side panels depict the family of the donor; this detail provides a clearer view of his first wife and their daughters. The rear of the wings includes a portrait of the donor's second wife and their daughter. Left panel from the Katherine Altar by Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1506 Portrait of a Young Girl by Albrecht Dürer, 1507 St. Anne Altarpiece by Quentin Massys, 1507-08 Several boys depicted in contemporary dress. Note especially the children of Mary Cleophas; baby Joseph seems to be wearing a sort of bib, embroidered with a cross. Triptych with the Holy Kinship and the Trinity with members of the Merode-Petershem family, southern Netherlands, c. 1510 Joanna of Castile with her children A small boy with his family in April in a book of hours, c. 1510-1560 January (fol. 2v) and April (fol. 5v) in the Da Costa Hours (PML M.399), c. 1515 Portrait of a Girl by Albrecht Dürer, 1515 Signboard for the Schoolmaster Myconius by Ambrosius Holbein, 1516 Boy with Blonde Hair and Boy with Brown Hair by Ambrosius Holbein A Prince of Saxony by Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1517 A Princess of Saxony by Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1517 Conrad Rehlinger and his Children by Bernhard Strigel, 1517 Triptych of the Adoration of the Magi by Jacob Cornelisz van Oostnanen, 1517 A Young Girl of Cologne by Albrecht Dürer, 1520 Madeleine of France by Jean Clouet, c. 1520 François III, Dauphin of France by Jean Clouet, 1520s January (fol. 18v) and April (fol. 21v), The Golf Book (British Library Add. 24098), c. 1520-1530; there are also images of boys playing games on most pages of this book of hours The Dauphin François, Son of François I by Jean Clouet, ca. 1523 A Family Group by Bernardino Licinio, 1524 Child's caftan, second quarter of the 16th century Two pairs of farmers with children at a covered table by Pieter Brueghel the Elder, c. 1525-1569 The children of Christian II of Denmark by Jan Gossaert, 1526 The Darmstadt Madonna by Hans Holbein the Younger, 1526 and after 1528 Rural scene by Marten van Cleve, 1527 The Artist's Family by Hans Holbein the Younger, 1528 Portrait of a Man with Three Sons by Barthel Bruyn, 1530 Family Portrait by Maerten van Heemskerck, c. 1530 January in the Hennessey Book of Hours (Bibl. Royale Albert Ier MS H, 158, fol. 1v), c. 1530-1540 Portrait of a young scholar by Jan van Scorel or Maarten van Heemskerck, 1531 Portrait of Archduchess Eleanor of Austria at the age of 2 by Jakob Seisenegger, 1536 Young Girl with Astronomic Instrument by Jan Gossaert Portrait of Arrigo Licinio and his Family by Benardino Licinio, 1535 Peasants Merrymaking at a Village Kermesse by Hans van Wechlen, c. 1537 Maria Salviati de’ Medici with Giulia de’ Medici by Pontormo, c. 1537 Edward, Prince of Wales by Hans Holbein the Younger, 1539 Kaiser Maximilian II with his brothers Ferdinand II and Johann by Jakob Seisenegger, 1539 Portrait of a Young Girl, Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1540 Three men and a little girl, c. 1540 Baby boy by Agnolo Bronzino, c. 1540-1549; note similarity to this later Italian lace-edged swaddling band Henry Brandon by Hans Holbein the Younger, 1541 Charles Brandon by Hans Holbein the Younger, 1541 Edward, Prince of Wales, with Monkey by Hans Holbein the Younger, 1541-1542 Bia by Agnolo Bronzino, before 1542 Clarissa Strozzi by Titian, 1542 Edward, Prince of Wales by Hans Holbein the Younger, 1543 Portrait of a boy, c. 1545 Portrait of a girl by Jakob Seisenegger, c. 1545-1550 Portrait of Count Alborghetti and his son by Giovanni Battista Moroni, c. 1545-1550 Red-headed Youth Holding a Drawing by Giovanni Francesco Caroto, before 1546 Giovanni della Volta with his Wife and Children by Lorenzo Lotto, 1547 Portrait of a boy with his nurse by Moretto da Brescia, c. 1547-1549 Archduke Ferdinand II by William Scrots, before 1549 Giovanni de'Medici by Agnolo Bronzino, 1549 The Shelley sons, 1549 Boy's embroidered shirt, c. 1550 Infant's knitted sock, vest and mitten (mid-16th century?). Baby clothes knitted in soft white wool; the mitten has a contrasting band, probably of naturally black sheep's wool. Boy's circular knitted cap with a brim decorated with slashes, 16th century Drawings of the children in the French royal family: Hercule-François, unidentified child (possibly Henri III), François II (c. 1550s), another of François II (c. 1560), Marguerite of Valois Boy's leather jerkin, c. 1550-1600 Infant’s coif, c. 1550-1600 Eleonora of Toledo with her son Giovanni de' Medici by Agnolo Bronzino, 1550 Don Garcia de' Medici by Agnolo Bronzino, 1550 Donor family on the left and right Christ and the Samaritan Woman at the Well of Jacob by Lucas Cranach the Elder Francesco I de' Medici by Agnolo Bronzino, 1551 Maria de' Medici by Agnolo Bronzino, 1551 Livia da Porto Thiene and her daughter Deidamia and Iseppo da Porto and his son Adriano by Paolo Veronese, c. 1551-1552 The dauphin (later François II) by Lonard Limosin, 1553 Marguerite de Valois by François Clouet, c. 1555 François II (by François Clouet?) Hercule-François, Duke of Alençon, c. 1556-1558 Marquess Massimiliano Stampa by Sofonisba Anguissola, 1557 Much of the work of Pieter Bruegel the Elder features children, including Children's Games (1559), Peasant Wedding (1568), Peasant Dance (1568). The Pelham sons and daughters, c. 1559 A three-year-old girl holding a bird, 1559 Hans Rudolf Faesch and his family by Hans Hug Kluser, 1559 Red-headed youth holding a drawing by Giovanni Francesco Caroto Giuseppe Gualdo and sons by Giovanni Antonio Fasolo, c. 1560 Peasants by the Hearth by Pieter Aertsen, 1560s Boys at various ages in the early 16th century, from the Schwartz Trachtenbuch, 1561. (Note that the BNF illustrations are in color, but are from a 1704 copy of the manuscript.) There is some contrast between the childhood clothing of Matthaus (who grew up in the early 16th century) and his son Conrad (who grew up in the 1540s). Thanks to Sophia Kress for her help with these manuscripts! Matthaus as a sickly three-year-old (see also BNF Allemand 211, fol. 9) Matthaus learns the alphabet at the age of five years and four months (see also BNF Allemand 211, fol. 4) Nine-year-old Matthaus has run away, and makes a living begging for bread and working for cowherds (see also BNF Allemand 211, p. 13) Matthaus plays in the street at the age of eleven years and 8 months (see also BNF Allemand 211, fol. 7v) At the age of 12, Matthaus goes through a phase of wanting to be a monk, and holds Mass in his bedroom with his own miniature altar (see also BNF Allemand 211, fol. 9) Conrad, aged 1 to 3 years (one with a walker, and one wearing a pudding-cap and apparently being held up with leading strings?) Conrad, at age eight and a half, playing various games in the street Conrad, age ten, plays in the snow Hercule-François, Duke of Alençon, Anjou and Brabant, c. 1561 Portrait of Juana of Austria with a young girl by Sofonisba Anguissola, 1561 Lady Katherine Grey and her son Lord Edward Beauchamp, c. 1561-1563 Portrait of Maximilian II, His Wife and Three Children by Giuseppe Arcimboldo, 1563 Pierre de Moucheron, Merchant of Middelburg and Antwerp, and his family, 1563 Henry Stuart and his brother Charles Stuart by Hans Eworth, 1563 Portrait of a mother and her eight children holding toys, c. 1565 King Sebastian of Portugal by Cristóvão de Morais, 1565 Portrait of a boy at the Spanish court by Sofonisba Anguissola, c. 1565-1570 A boy with a birdcage by Abraham Bloemaert, 1566 Portrait of Johannes Neudörfer and his son by Nicolas Neufchâtel Archduchess Anna of Austria by Nicolas Neufchâtel, 1567 Crown Prince Sigismund Vasa by Johan Baptista van Uther, 1568 William Brooke, 10th Lord of Cobham and his family, 1567 Fête at Bermondsey by Joris Hoefnagel, 1569 Charles IX by François Clouet, 1570 The tomb of Princess Elizabeth of Sweden, c. 1570 A child of the house of Redetti by Giovanni Battista Moroni, c. 1570 King Sebastian by Cristóvão de Morais, c. 1571-1574 Portrait of a Family with Arms of Mosto and Costanzo (Detail) by Tintoretto, 1570s A little girl with a basket of cherries, 1570s Infantas Isabel Clara Eugenia and Catalina Micaela by Alonso Sanchez Coello, c. 1571 Details 1, 2, and 3 from The Madonna of the Cuccina Family by Paolo Veronese, c. 1571 Charles Emmanuel of Savoy with a dwarf by Giacomo Vighi, c. 1572 Portrait of a gentleman and his two daughters by Giovanni Battista Moroni, c. 1572-1575 Swaddling Band, Italy, c. 1575-1600; a later swaddling band, Italy, c. 1600-1625; a christening outfit, Belgian lace assembled in England, c. 1650-1700. Also, a 17th century tailclout at the National Museum of Childhood. Foemina Mediocris conditionis in Silesia (Commoner from Silesia) from Habitus praecipuorum populorum by Hans Weigel, 1577 Portraits of Archduchess Catherine Renata of Austria as a child Antonius Anselmus, His Wife and Their Children by Marten de Vos, 1577 Arabella Stuart, 1577 A visit to the wet nurse by Marten van Cleve Sketch by Adam Elsheimer, c. 1578-1610 A young boy by Jacob Willemsz Delff I, 1581 Portrait of a girl of the Walenburg family by Hans von Aachen, 1582 Emilia Antwerpiana van Nassau, c. 1582 Otto Venius painting, surrounded by his family, 1584 Oliver Pelham, 1584 John Dunch and his nurse Elizabeth Field, c. 1588 Two Young Men by Crispin van den Broeck, before 1590 Two children teasing a cat by Annibale Carracci, c. 1590 Miniatures of unknown children by Isaac Oliver, 1590: a four-year-old girl holding an apple, a five-year-old girl holding a carnation, and an infant Prince Karel of Arenberg and his family by Frans Pourbus de Jonge, c. 1593 Frances Walsingham, countess of Essex, and her son Robert, later the third Earl of Essex by Robert Peake the Elder, 1594 A little girl carrying a basket by Leandro Bassano, c. 1594 Unknown lady with two children, 1595 Girl with a dwarf by Sofonisba Anguissola, c. 1595 Barbara Gamage, Lady Sidney, later Countess of Leicester, with two sons and four daughters, c. 1596 Anne, Lady Pope with her children by Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger, 1596 Władysław Vasa, son of King Sigismund III of Poland by Martin Kober, 1596 Portrait of a child by Lavinia Fontana Philip of Savoy, Prince of Piedmont, 16th century Francesco and Caterina Medici by Cristofano Allori, c. 1598 Laurens Jacobszon with his wife and three sons by Pieter Pietersz, 1598 Thomas Stewkley, 1601 Double portrait of a brother and sister by Cornelis Ketel

Children in the 16th Century

The Tudor Child: Clothing and Culture 1485 to 1625

''She Hath Over Grown All that Ever She Hath'': Children's Clothing in the Lisle Letters, 1533-1540 -- Medieval Clothing and Textiles, Vol. 3

A History of Childhood: Children and Childhood in the West from Medieval to Modern Times

Following are depictions and portraits of boys and girls from the Renaissance. Because the goal of this survey is to provide useful information on a realistic view of children's clothing, I have avoided most allegorical or overly anachronistically-dressed children. I've also included links to extant clothing worn by pre-17th century children.

Take a look at Children’s Portraits for more 16th-19th century examples. More examples and discussion on this topic at the Garb The Child LiveJournal Community and the I Am A Child blog. For 17th century examples, see Costume Focus 1660-1715: Children Research Gallery.

Portrait of Urschelin Burgkmair by Hans Burgkmair, c. 1500
The Wealthy Man by Jean Bourdichon, from Les Quatre États de la Société, c. 1500-1510
Hans Holbein's sons Hans and Ambrosius in a panel by Hans Holbein the Elder, 1504
Triptych of Jan Des Trompes by Gerard David, 1505
The side panels depict the family of the donor; this detail provides a clearer view of his first wife and their daughters. The rear of the wings includes a portrait of the donor's second wife and their daughter.
Left panel from the Katherine Altar by Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1506
Portrait of a Young Girl by Albrecht Dürer, 1507
St. Anne Altarpiece by Quentin Massys, 1507-08
Several boys depicted in contemporary dress. Note especially the children of Mary Cleophas; baby Joseph seems to be wearing a sort of bib, embroidered with a cross.
Triptych with the Holy Kinship and the Trinity with members of the Merode-Petershem family, southern Netherlands, c. 1510
Joanna of Castile with her children
A small boy with his family in April in a book of hours, c. 1510-1560
January (fol. 2v) and April (fol. 5v) in the Da Costa Hours (PML M.399), c. 1515
Portrait of a Girl by Albrecht Dürer, 1515
Signboard for the Schoolmaster Myconius by Ambrosius Holbein, 1516
Boy with Blonde Hair and Boy with Brown Hair by Ambrosius Holbein
A Prince of Saxony by Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1517
A Princess of Saxony by Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1517
Conrad Rehlinger and his Children by Bernhard Strigel, 1517
Triptych of the Adoration of the Magi by Jacob Cornelisz van Oostnanen, 1517
A Young Girl of Cologne by Albrecht Dürer, 1520
Madeleine of France by Jean Clouet, c. 1520
François III, Dauphin of France by Jean Clouet, 1520s
January (fol. 18v) and April (fol. 21v), The Golf Book (British Library Add. 24098), c. 1520-1530; there are also images of boys playing games on most pages of this book of hours
The Dauphin François, Son of François I by Jean Clouet, ca. 1523
A Family Group by Bernardino Licinio, 1524
Child's caftan, second quarter of the 16th century
Two pairs of farmers with children at a covered table by Pieter Brueghel the Elder, c. 1525-1569
The children of Christian II of Denmark by Jan Gossaert, 1526
The Darmstadt Madonna by Hans Holbein the Younger, 1526 and after 1528
Rural scene by Marten van Cleve, 1527
The Artist's Family by Hans Holbein the Younger, 1528
Portrait of a Man with Three Sons by Barthel Bruyn, 1530
Family Portrait by Maerten van Heemskerck, c. 1530
January in the Hennessey Book of Hours (Bibl. Royale Albert Ier MS H, 158, fol. 1v), c. 1530-1540
Portrait of a young scholar by Jan van Scorel or Maarten van Heemskerck, 1531
Portrait of Archduchess Eleanor of Austria at the age of 2 by Jakob Seisenegger, 1536
Young Girl with Astronomic Instrument by Jan Gossaert
Portrait of Arrigo Licinio and his Family by Benardino Licinio, 1535
Peasants Merrymaking at a Village Kermesse by Hans van Wechlen, c. 1537
Maria Salviati de’ Medici with Giulia de’ Medici by Pontormo, c. 1537
Edward, Prince of Wales by Hans Holbein the Younger, 1539
Kaiser Maximilian II with his brothers Ferdinand II and Johann by Jakob Seisenegger, 1539
Portrait of a Young Girl, Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1540
Three men and a little girl, c. 1540
Baby boy by Agnolo Bronzino, c. 1540-1549; note similarity to this later Italian lace-edged swaddling band
Henry Brandon by Hans Holbein the Younger, 1541
Charles Brandon by Hans Holbein the Younger, 1541
Edward, Prince of Wales, with Monkey by Hans Holbein the Younger, 1541-1542
Bia by Agnolo Bronzino, before 1542
Clarissa Strozzi by Titian, 1542
Edward, Prince of Wales by Hans Holbein the Younger, 1543
Portrait of a boy, c. 1545
Portrait of a girl by Jakob Seisenegger, c. 1545-1550
Portrait of Count Alborghetti and his son by Giovanni Battista Moroni, c. 1545-1550
Red-headed Youth Holding a Drawing by Giovanni Francesco Caroto, before 1546
Giovanni della Volta with his Wife and Children by Lorenzo Lotto, 1547
Portrait of a boy with his nurse by Moretto da Brescia, c. 1547-1549
Archduke Ferdinand II by William Scrots, before 1549
Giovanni de'Medici by Agnolo Bronzino, 1549
The Shelley sons, 1549
Boy's embroidered shirt, c. 1550
Infant's knitted sock, vest and mitten (mid-16th century?). Baby clothes knitted in soft white wool; the mitten has a contrasting band, probably of naturally black sheep's wool.
Boy's circular knitted cap with a brim decorated with slashes, 16th century
Drawings of the children in the French royal family: Hercule-François, unidentified child (possibly Henri III), François II (c. 1550s), another of François II (c. 1560), Marguerite of Valois
Boy's leather jerkin, c. 1550-1600
Infant’s coif, c. 1550-1600
Eleonora of Toledo with her son Giovanni de' Medici by Agnolo Bronzino, 1550
Don Garcia de' Medici by Agnolo Bronzino, 1550
Donor family on the left and right Christ and the Samaritan Woman at the Well of Jacob by Lucas Cranach the Elder
Francesco I de' Medici by Agnolo Bronzino, 1551
Maria de' Medici by Agnolo Bronzino, 1551
Livia da Porto Thiene and her daughter Deidamia and Iseppo da Porto and his son Adriano by Paolo Veronese, c. 1551-1552
The dauphin (later François II) by Lonard Limosin, 1553
Marguerite de Valois by François Clouet, c. 1555
François II (by François Clouet?)
Hercule-François, Duke of Alençon, c. 1556-1558
Marquess Massimiliano Stampa by Sofonisba Anguissola, 1557
Much of the work of Pieter Bruegel the Elder features children, including Children's Games (1559), Peasant Wedding (1568), Peasant Dance (1568).
The Pelham sons and daughters, c. 1559
A three-year-old girl holding a bird, 1559
Hans Rudolf Faesch and his family by Hans Hug Kluser, 1559
Red-headed youth holding a drawing by Giovanni Francesco Caroto
Giuseppe Gualdo and sons by Giovanni Antonio Fasolo, c. 1560
Peasants by the Hearth by Pieter Aertsen, 1560s
Boys at various ages in the early 16th century, from the Schwartz Trachtenbuch, 1561. (Note that the BNF illustrations are in color, but are from a 1704 copy of the manuscript.) There is some contrast between the childhood clothing of Matthaus (who grew up in the early 16th century) and his son Conrad (who grew up in the 1540s). Thanks to Sophia Kress for her help with these manuscripts!
Matthaus as a sickly three-year-old (see also BNF Allemand 211, fol. 9)
Matthaus learns the alphabet at the age of five years and four months (see also BNF Allemand 211, fol. 4)
Nine-year-old Matthaus has run away, and makes a living begging for bread and working for cowherds (see also BNF Allemand 211, p. 13)
Matthaus plays in the street at the age of eleven years and 8 months (see also BNF Allemand 211, fol. 7v)
At the age of 12, Matthaus goes through a phase of wanting to be a monk, and holds Mass in his bedroom with his own miniature altar (see also BNF Allemand 211, fol. 9)
Conrad, aged 1 to 3 years (one with a walker, and one wearing a pudding-cap and apparently being held up with leading strings?)
Conrad, at age eight and a half, playing various games in the street
Conrad, age ten, plays in the snow
Hercule-François, Duke of Alençon, Anjou and Brabant, c. 1561
Portrait of Juana of Austria with a young girl by Sofonisba Anguissola, 1561
Lady Katherine Grey and her son Lord Edward Beauchamp, c. 1561-1563
Portrait of Maximilian II, His Wife and Three Children by Giuseppe Arcimboldo, 1563
Pierre de Moucheron, Merchant of Middelburg and Antwerp, and his family, 1563
Henry Stuart and his brother Charles Stuart by Hans Eworth, 1563
Portrait of a mother and her eight children holding toys, c. 1565
King Sebastian of Portugal by Cristóvão de Morais, 1565
Portrait of a boy at the Spanish court by Sofonisba Anguissola, c. 1565-1570
A boy with a birdcage by Abraham Bloemaert, 1566
Portrait of Johannes Neudörfer and his son by Nicolas Neufchâtel
Archduchess Anna of Austria by Nicolas Neufchâtel, 1567
Crown Prince Sigismund Vasa by Johan Baptista van Uther, 1568
William Brooke, 10th Lord of Cobham and his family, 1567
Fête at Bermondsey by Joris Hoefnagel, 1569
Charles IX by François Clouet, 1570
The tomb of Princess Elizabeth of Sweden, c. 1570
A child of the house of Redetti by Giovanni Battista Moroni, c. 1570
King Sebastian by Cristóvão de Morais, c. 1571-1574
Portrait of a Family with Arms of Mosto and Costanzo (Detail) by Tintoretto, 1570s
A little girl with a basket of cherries, 1570s
Infantas Isabel Clara Eugenia and Catalina Micaela by Alonso Sanchez Coello, c. 1571
Details 1, 2, and 3 from The Madonna of the Cuccina Family by Paolo Veronese, c. 1571
Charles Emmanuel of Savoy with a dwarf by Giacomo Vighi, c. 1572
Portrait of a gentleman and his two daughters by Giovanni Battista Moroni, c. 1572-1575
Swaddling Band, Italy, c. 1575-1600; a later swaddling band, Italy, c. 1600-1625; a christening outfit, Belgian lace assembled in England, c. 1650-1700. Also, a 17th century tailclout at the National Museum of Childhood.
Foemina Mediocris conditionis in Silesia (Commoner from Silesia) from Habitus praecipuorum populorum by Hans Weigel, 1577
Portraits of Archduchess Catherine Renata of Austria as a child
Antonius Anselmus, His Wife and Their Children by Marten de Vos, 1577
Arabella Stuart, 1577
A visit to the wet nurse by Marten van Cleve
Sketch by Adam Elsheimer, c. 1578-1610
A young boy by Jacob Willemsz Delff I, 1581
Portrait of a girl of the Walenburg family by Hans von Aachen, 1582
Emilia Antwerpiana van Nassau, c. 1582
Otto Venius painting, surrounded by his family, 1584
Oliver Pelham, 1584
John Dunch and his nurse Elizabeth Field, c. 1588
Two Young Men by Crispin van den Broeck, before 1590
Two children teasing a cat by Annibale Carracci, c. 1590
Miniatures of unknown children by Isaac Oliver, 1590: a four-year-old girl holding an apple, a five-year-old girl holding a carnation, and an infant
Prince Karel of Arenberg and his family by Frans Pourbus de Jonge, c. 1593
Frances Walsingham, countess of Essex, and her son Robert, later the third Earl of Essex by Robert Peake the Elder, 1594
A little girl carrying a basket by Leandro Bassano, c. 1594
Unknown lady with two children, 1595
Girl with a dwarf by Sofonisba Anguissola, c. 1595
Barbara Gamage, Lady Sidney, later Countess of Leicester, with two sons and four daughters, c. 1596
Anne, Lady Pope with her children by Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger, 1596
Władysław Vasa, son of King Sigismund III of Poland by Martin Kober, 1596
Portrait of a child by Lavinia Fontana
Philip of Savoy, Prince of Piedmont, 16th century
Francesco and Caterina Medici by Cristofano Allori, c. 1598
Laurens Jacobszon with his wife and three sons by Pieter Pietersz, 1598
Thomas Stewkley, 1601
Double portrait of a brother and sister by Cornelis Ketel